Platonism is the intellectual tradition inspired by Plato’s philosophy, centered in the Theory of Forms, but denoting its adaptation and integration into various cultural, theological and intellectual paradigms over the course of over two and a half millennia, thereby demonstrating the intellectual appeal, if not the enduring relevance, of Platonic thought.
Sophism, commonly associated with epistemic and moral relativism, is an umbrella term to designate the intellectual framework of the wondering instructors who taught the art of rhetoric – that is, argumentation and persuasion – in ancient Greece during the 5th century BCE.
Substance dualism is a metaphysical paradigm that asserts that the existence of two fundamental substances in the universe, mental and physical, which exist independently yet interact with one another.